CPlusPlusThings/english/basic_content/extern

extern "C"

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1. Compiler difference between C and C ++

In C + +, we often see extern "C" modifier function in the header file. What's the effect. Is a function defined in C language module for C + + link.

Although C + + is compatible with C, the symbols generated by function compilation in C + + files are different from those generated by C language.Because C + + supports function overloading, the symbols generated by C + + function compilation have the information of function parameter type, while C does not.

Take int add(int a, int b) for example. The C + + compiler generates the. O file, add becomes add_int_int and so on, while C would be like this _add, that is：For the same function, in C and C + +, the symbols generated after compilation are different.

This leads to a problem: if the function implemented in C + + is implemented in C language, an error will occur when compiling the link, indicating that the corresponding symbol cannot be found. At this timeextern "C" works：Tell the linker to find its _ C language symbols such as add are not modified by C ++.

2.C ++ calls C functions

When referring to the header file of C, you need to add extern "C"

//add.h
#ifndef ADD_H
#define ADD_H
int add(int x,int y);
#endif

//add.c
#include "add.h"

int add(int x,int y) {
    return x+y;
}

//add.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "add.h"
using namespace std;
int main() {
    add(2,3);
    return 0;
}

Compile：

//Generate add.o file
gcc -c add.c

Link：

g++ add.cpp add.o -o main

Without extern "C"：

> g++ add.cpp add.o -o main                                   
add.o：在函数‘main’中：
add.cpp:(.text+0x0): `main'被多次定义
/tmp/ccH65yQF.o:add.cpp:(.text+0x0)：第一次在此定义
/tmp/ccH65yQF.o：在函数‘main’中：
add.cpp:(.text+0xf)：对‘add(int, int)’未定义的引用
add.o：在函数‘main’中：
add.cpp:(.text+0xf)：对‘add(int, int)’未定义的引用
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

With extern "C"：

add.cpp

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
extern "C" {
    #include "add.h"
}
int main() {
    add(2,3);
    return 0;
}

When compiling, you must pay attention to generating intermediate files add.o through GCC

gcc -c add.c 

Compile：

g++ add.cpp add.o -o main

Code：

• add.h

• add.c

• add.cpp

2.Calling C++ function in C

extern "C" It is a syntax error in C, which needs to be put in the C + + header file.

// add.h
#ifndef ADD_H
#define ADD_H
extern "C" {
    int add(int x,int y);
}
#endif

// add.cpp
#include "add.h"

int add(int x,int y) {
    return x+y;
}

// add.c
extern int add(int x,int y);
int main() {
    add(2,3);
    return 0;
}

Compile：

g++ -c add.cpp

Link：

gcc add.c add.o -o main

Code：

• add.h

• add.c

• add.cpp

In the header file of C language, the external function can only be specified as extern type. The declaration of extern "C" is not supported in C language. There will be compiler syntax error when the. C file contains extern "C". Therefore, the use of external "C" is all placed in CPP program related files or its header files.

The following forms are summarized:

（1）C + + calls C functions:

//xx.h
extern int add(...)

//xx.c
int add(){
    
}

//xx.cpp
extern "C" {
    #include "xx.h"
}

（2）C calls C + + functions

//xx.h
extern "C"{
    int add();
}
//xx.cpp
int add(){
    
}
//xx.c
extern int add();