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zhangxing 2023-03-30 00:15:11 +08:00 committed by light-city
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6
.gitignore vendored
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@ -1 +1,7 @@
com.sh
bazel-CPlusPlusThings
bazel-bin
bazel-out
bazel-testlogs
bazel-cplusplus_bazel
.vscode

112
.vscode/settings.json vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
{
"files.associations": {
"iostream": "cpp",
"ostream": "cpp",
"__availability": "cpp",
"__config": "cpp",
"__string": "cpp",
"deque": "cpp",
"filesystem": "cpp",
"functional": "cpp",
"iterator": "cpp",
"ratio": "cpp",
"__bit_reference": "cpp",
"__bits": "cpp",
"__debug": "cpp",
"__errc": "cpp",
"__functional_base": "cpp",
"__hash_table": "cpp",
"__locale": "cpp",
"__mutex_base": "cpp",
"__node_handle": "cpp",
"__nullptr": "cpp",
"__split_buffer": "cpp",
"__threading_support": "cpp",
"__tree": "cpp",
"__tuple": "cpp",
"algorithm": "cpp",
"array": "cpp",
"atomic": "cpp",
"bit": "cpp",
"bitset": "cpp",
"cctype": "cpp",
"chrono": "cpp",
"cinttypes": "cpp",
"clocale": "cpp",
"cmath": "cpp",
"complex": "cpp",
"condition_variable": "cpp",
"cstdarg": "cpp",
"cstddef": "cpp",
"cstdint": "cpp",
"cstdio": "cpp",
"cstdlib": "cpp",
"cstring": "cpp",
"ctime": "cpp",
"cwchar": "cpp",
"cwctype": "cpp",
"exception": "cpp",
"fstream": "cpp",
"initializer_list": "cpp",
"iomanip": "cpp",
"ios": "cpp",
"iosfwd": "cpp",
"istream": "cpp",
"limits": "cpp",
"list": "cpp",
"locale": "cpp",
"map": "cpp",
"memory": "cpp",
"mutex": "cpp",
"new": "cpp",
"numeric": "cpp",
"optional": "cpp",
"queue": "cpp",
"regex": "cpp",
"set": "cpp",
"sstream": "cpp",
"stack": "cpp",
"stdexcept": "cpp",
"streambuf": "cpp",
"string": "cpp",
"string_view": "cpp",
"system_error": "cpp",
"tuple": "cpp",
"type_traits": "cpp",
"typeinfo": "cpp",
"unordered_map": "cpp",
"unordered_set": "cpp",
"utility": "cpp",
"vector": "cpp",
"any": "cpp",
"barrier": "cpp",
"*.tcc": "cpp",
"cfenv": "cpp",
"charconv": "cpp",
"codecvt": "cpp",
"compare": "cpp",
"concepts": "cpp",
"coroutine": "cpp",
"csetjmp": "cpp",
"csignal": "cpp",
"cuchar": "cpp",
"forward_list": "cpp",
"memory_resource": "cpp",
"random": "cpp",
"source_location": "cpp",
"future": "cpp",
"latch": "cpp",
"numbers": "cpp",
"ranges": "cpp",
"scoped_allocator": "cpp",
"semaphore": "cpp",
"shared_mutex": "cpp",
"span": "cpp",
"stop_token": "cpp",
"syncstream": "cpp",
"thread": "cpp",
"typeindex": "cpp",
"valarray": "cpp",
"variant": "cpp"
}
}

106
README.md
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@ -155,15 +155,15 @@
├── [输入输出重载.cpp](./practical_exercises/key_exercises/输入输出重载.cpp)
├── [输出格式.cpp](./practical_exercises/key_exercises/输出格式.cpp)
### 3.[C++2.0 新特性](./c++2.0)
### 3.[C++2.0 新特性](./cpp2.0)
#### 3.0 概况
C++2.0 是一个简称，意为「现代 C++」，包括 C++11/14/17/20。
#### 3.1 [C++11 新特性](./c++2.0/c++11)
#### 3.1 [C++11 新特性](./cpp2.0/cpp11)
- [Variadic Templates](./c++2.0/c++11/variadic)
- [Variadic Templates](./cpp2.0/cpp11/variadic)
- Spaces in Template Expressions
@ -172,17 +172,17 @@ C++2.0 是一个简称，意为「现代 C++」，包括 C++11/14/17/20。
vector<list<int>> // before c++ 11 error error: ‘>>’ should be ‘> >’ within a nested template argument list,c++11后可以正常通过
```
- [nullptr and nullptr_t](./c++2.0/c++11/nullptr.cpp)
- [nullptr and nullptr_t](./cpp2.0/cpp11/nullptr.cpp)
- [Automatic Type Deduction with auto](./c++2.0/c++11/auto.cpp)
- [Automatic Type Deduction with auto](./cpp2.0/cpp11/auto.cpp)
- [Uniform Initialization ](./c++2.0/c++11/uniform_initialization.cpp)
- [Uniform Initialization ](./cpp2.0/cpp11/uniform_initialization.cpp)
- [initializer_list](./c++2.0/c++11/initializer.cpp)
- [initializer_list](./cpp2.0/cpp11/initializer.cpp)
- [explicit for ctors taking more than one argument](./c++2.0/c++11/explicit.cpp)
- [explicit for ctors taking more than one argument](./cpp2.0/cpp11/explicit.cpp)
- [range-based for statement](./c++2.0/c++11/auto.cpp)
- [range-based for statement](./cpp2.0/cpp11/auto.cpp)
```cpp
for(decl:col) {
@ -190,33 +190,33 @@ C++2.0 是一个简称，意为「现代 C++」，包括 C++11/14/17/20。
}
```
- [=default,=delete](./c++2.0/c++11/default_delete.cpp)
- [=default,=delete](./cpp2.0/cpp11/default_delete.cpp)
如果你自行定义了一个 `ctor`, 那么编译器就不会给你一个 `default ctor`
如果强制加上 `=default`, 就可以重新获得并使用 `default ctor`.
- Alias(化名) Template (template typedef)
- [alias.cpp](./c++2.0/c++11/alias.cpp)
- [template_template.cpp](./c++2.0/c++11/template_template.cpp)
- [alias.cpp](./cpp2.0/cpp11/alias.cpp)
- [template_template.cpp](./cpp2.0/cpp11/template_template.cpp)
- [template template parameter](./c++2.0/template_template.cpp)
- [template template parameter](./cpp2.0/template_template.cpp)
- [type alias](./c++2.0/c++11/type_alias.cpp)
- [type alias](./cpp2.0/cpp11/type_alias.cpp)
- [noexcept](./c++2.0/c++11/noexcept.cpp)
- [noexcept](./cpp2.0/cpp11/noexcept.cpp)
- [override](./c++2.0/c++11/override.cpp)
- [override](./cpp2.0/cpp11/override.cpp)
- [final](./c++2.0/c++11/final.cpp)
- [final](./cpp2.0/cpp11/final.cpp)
- [decltype](./c++2.0/c++11/decltype.cpp)
- [decltype](./cpp2.0/cpp11/decltype.cpp)
- [lambda](./c++2.0/c++11/lambda.cpp)
- [lambda](./cpp2.0/cpp11/lambda.cpp)
- [Rvalue reference](./c++2.0/c++11/rvalue.cpp)
- [Rvalue reference](./cpp2.0/cpp11/rvalue.cpp)
- [move aware class](./c++2.0/c++11/move.cpp)
- [move aware class](./cpp2.0/cpp11/move.cpp)
- 容器-结构与分类
@ -224,9 +224,9 @@ C++2.0 是一个简称，意为「现代 C++」，包括 C++11/14/17/20。
- (2) 关联式容器包括：`set/multiset`,`map/multimap`
- (3) 无序容器(C++2.0 新引入,更换原先 `hash_xxx` 为 `unordered_xxx`)包括：`unordered_map/unordered_multimap,unordered_set/unordered_multiset`
- [Hash Function](./c++2.0/c++11/hash.cpp)
- [Hash Function](./cpp2.0/cpp11/hash.cpp)
- [tuple](./c++2.0/c++11/tuple.cpp)
- [tuple](./cpp2.0/cpp11/tuple.cpp)
学习资料：https://www.bilibili.com/video/av51863195?from=search&seid=3610634846288253061
@ -295,31 +295,31 @@ C++2.0 是一个简称，意为「现代 C++」，包括 C++11/14/17/20。
#### 8.1 [极客时间《现代 C++ 实战 30 讲》](https://time.geekbang.org/channel/home)
- [堆、栈、RAII：C++ 里该如何管理资源？](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/RAII)
- [堆、栈、RAII：C++ 里该如何管理资源？](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/RAII)
- [堆](./learn_class/modern_++_30/RAII/heap.cpp)
- [栈](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/RAII/stack.cpp)
- [RAII](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/RAII/RAII.cpp)
- [自己动手，实现 C++ 的智能指针](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/smart_ptr)
- [auto_ptr、scope_ptr](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/smart_ptr/auto_scope.cpp)
- [unique_ptr](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/smart_ptr/unique_ptr.cpp)
- [shared_ptr](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/smart_ptr/shared_ptr.cpp)
- [右值和移动究竟解决了什么问题？](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference)
- [左值与右值](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/reference.cpp)
- [延长声明周期](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/lifetime.cpp)
- [引用折叠](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/collapses.cpp)
- [完美转发](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/forward.cpp)
- [不要返回本地变量的引用](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/don'treturnReference.cpp)
- [容器 1](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/container1)
- [容器 2](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/container2)
- [异常](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/exception)
- [字面量、静态断言和成员函数说明符](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/literalAssert)
- [是不是应该返回对象？](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/returnObj)
- [编译期多态：泛型编程和模板入门](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/compilerpoly)
- [译期能做些什么？一个完整的计算世界](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/compilercompute)
- [SFINAE：不是错误的替换失败是怎么回事?](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/SFINAE)
- [constexpr：一个常态的世界](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/constexpr)
- [函数对象和 lambda：进入函数式编程](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/functionLambda)
- [内存模型和 atomic：理解并发的复杂性](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/memorymodel_atomic)
- [栈](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/RAII/stack.cpp)
- [RAII](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/RAII/RAII.cpp)
- [自己动手，实现 C++ 的智能指针](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/smart_ptr)
- [auto_ptr、scope_ptr](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/smart_ptr/auto_scope.cpp)
- [unique_ptr](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/smart_ptr/unique_ptr.cpp)
- [shared_ptr](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/smart_ptr/shared_ptr.cpp)
- [右值和移动究竟解决了什么问题？](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference)
- [左值与右值](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/reference.cpp)
- [延长声明周期](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/lifetime.cpp)
- [引用折叠](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/collapses.cpp)
- [完美转发](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/forward.cpp)
- [不要返回本地变量的引用](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/don'treturnReference.cpp)
- [容器 1](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/container1)
- [容器 2](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/container2)
- [异常](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/exception)
- [字面量、静态断言和成员函数说明符](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/literalAssert)
- [是不是应该返回对象？](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/returnObj)
- [编译期多态：泛型编程和模板入门](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/compilerpoly)
- [译期能做些什么？一个完整的计算世界](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/compilercompute)
- [SFINAE：不是错误的替换失败是怎么回事?](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/SFINAE)
- [constexpr：一个常态的世界](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/constexpr)
- [函数对象和 lambda：进入函数式编程](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/functionLambda)
- [内存模型和 atomic：理解并发的复杂性](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/memorymodel_atomic)
### 9.工具篇
@ -376,20 +376,20 @@ map<int, int> mp{
### 12.赞助我
### 12.关注我
如果觉得不错，赞助我吧~
如果觉得不错，关注我吧~
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th align="center" style="height=200 width="200">
<img src="https://light-city.club/sc/assets/images/alipay.jpg" height="200" width="200" ><br>
支付宝
<img src="./img/cpp.jpg" height="200" width="200" ><br>
星球
</th>
<th align="center" style="height=200 width="200">
<img src="https://light-city.club/sc/assets/images/wechat.png" height="200" width="200" ><br>
微信
<img src="./img/wechat.jpg" height="200" width="200" ><br>
微信公众号
</th>
</tr>
</tbody>

48
README_EN.md
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@ -253,31 +253,31 @@ Learning materials: https://chenxiaowei.gitbook.io/cpp_concurrency_in_action/
#### 6.1 [Chinese Name:极客时间《现代 C++ 实战 30 讲》](https://time.geekbang.org/channel/home)
- [heap、stack、RAII：How to manage resources for C ++ ?](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/RAII)
- [heap、stack、RAII：How to manage resources for C ++ ?](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/RAII)
- [heap](./modern_++_30/RAII/heap.cpp)
- [stack](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/RAII/stack.cpp)
- [RAII](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/RAII/RAII.cpp)
- [Implementing smart pointers for C ++](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/smart_ptr)
- [auto_ptr、scope_ptr](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/smart_ptr/auto_scope.cpp)
- [unique_ptr](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/smart_ptr/unique_ptr.cpp)
- [shared_ptr](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/smart_ptr/shared_ptr.cpp)
- [What exactly does r value and move solve？](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference)
- [L value and R value](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/reference.cpp)
- [Extend the declaration cycle](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/lifetime.cpp)
- [Reference folding](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/collapses.cpp)
- [Perfect forward](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/forward.cpp)
- [Do not return Reference](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/reference/don'treturnReference.cpp)
- [Container 1](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/container1)
- [Container 2](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/container2)
- [Exception](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/exception)
- [Literal、Static Assertion And Member Function Specifier](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/literalAssert)
- [Return Object？](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/returnObj)c
- [Getting started with generic programming and templates](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/compilerpoly)
- [A whole Compiler Compute World](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/compilercompute)
- [SFINAE：What is it if it is not replace error?](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/SFINAE)
- [constexpr：A Normal World](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/constexpr)
- [Function object and Lambda：functionLambda](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/functionLambda)
- [Memory Model and Atomic：Understangding the complexity of concurrency](./learn_class/modern_C++_30/memorymodel_atomic)
- [stack](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/RAII/stack.cpp)
- [RAII](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/RAII/RAII.cpp)
- [Implementing smart pointers for C ++](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/smart_ptr)
- [auto_ptr、scope_ptr](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/smart_ptr/auto_scope.cpp)
- [unique_ptr](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/smart_ptr/unique_ptr.cpp)
- [shared_ptr](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/smart_ptr/shared_ptr.cpp)
- [What exactly does r value and move solve？](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference)
- [L value and R value](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/reference.cpp)
- [Extend the declaration cycle](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/lifetime.cpp)
- [Reference folding](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/collapses.cpp)
- [Perfect forward](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/forward.cpp)
- [Do not return Reference](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/reference/don'treturnReference.cpp)
- [Container 1](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/container1)
- [Container 2](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/container2)
- [Exception](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/exception)
- [Literal、Static Assertion And Member Function Specifier](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/literalAssert)
- [Return Object？](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/returnObj)c
- [Getting started with generic programming and templates](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/compilerpoly)
- [A whole Compiler Compute World](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/compilercompute)
- [SFINAE：What is it if it is not replace error?](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/SFINAE)
- [constexpr：A Normal World](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/constexpr)
- [Function object and Lambda：functionLambda](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/functionLambda)
- [Memory Model and Atomic：Understangding the complexity of concurrency](./learn_class/modern_cpp_30/memorymodel_atomic)
### 7.Tools

0
WORKSPACE Normal file
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43
basic_content/abstract/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
# you can run some main program, just replace binary name
# such as: `bazel run basic_content/abstract:interesting_facts1`
# `bazel run basic_content/abstract:interesting_facts2`
# etc...
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "interesting_facts1",
srcs = ["interesting_facts1.cpp"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "interesting_facts2",
srcs = ["interesting_facts2.cpp"],
)
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "interesting_facts3",
srcs = ["interesting_facts3.cpp"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "interesting_facts4",
srcs = ["interesting_facts4.cpp"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "interesting_facts5",
srcs = ["interesting_facts5.cpp"],
)
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "pure_virtual",
srcs = ["pure_virtual.cpp"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "derived_full",
srcs = ["derived_full.cpp"],
)

2
basic_content/abstract/README.md
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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ public:
抽象类只能作为基类来派生新类使用，不能创建抽象类的对象,抽象类的指针和引用->由抽象类派生出来的类的对象！
> 代码样例：[test.cpp](./test.cpp)、[pure_virtual.cpp](./pure_virtual.cpp)
> 代码样例：[abstract_base.h](./abstract_base.h)、[pure_virtual.cpp](./pure_virtual.cpp)
## 2.实现抽象类

3
basic_content/abstract/abstract.cpp
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@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
/**
* @file abstract.cpp
* @brief 抽象类中：在成员函数内可以调用纯虚函数，在构造函数/析构函数内部不能使用纯虚函数
* @brief
* 抽象类中：在成员函数内可以调用纯虚函数，在构造函数/析构函数内部不能使用纯虚函数
* 如果一个类从抽象类派生而来，它必须实现了基类中的所有纯虚函数，才能成为非抽象类
* @author 光城
* @version v1

21
basic_content/abstract/abstract_base.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
/**
* @file abstreact_base.cpp
* @brief
* C++中的纯虚函数(或抽象函数)是我们没有实现的虚函数！我们只需声明它!通过声明中赋值0来声明纯虚函数！
* 纯虚函数：没有函数体的虚函数
* @author 光城
* @version v1
* @date 2019-07-20
*/
/**
* @brief 抽象类
*/
class AbstractBase {
// Data members of class
public:
// Pure Virtual Function
virtual void show() = 0;
/* Other members */
};

11
basic_content/abstract/derived_full.cpp
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@ -9,23 +9,20 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
class Base {
int x;
public:
virtual void fun() = 0;
int getX() { return x; }
};
class Derived: public Base
{
int y;
class Derived : public Base {
public:
void fun() { cout << "fun() called"; } // 实现了fun()函数
};
int main(void)
{
int main(void) {
Derived d;
d.fun();
return 0;

8
basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts1.cpp
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@ -12,17 +12,15 @@ using namespace std;
/**
* @brief 抽象类至少包含一个纯虚函数
*/
class Test
{
class Test {
int x;
public:
virtual void show() = 0;
int getX() { return x; }
};
int main(void)
{
int main(void) {
Test t; // error! 不能创建抽象类的对象
return 0;
}

13
basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts2.cpp
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@ -9,30 +9,25 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/**
* @brief 抽象类至少包含一个纯虚函数
*/
class Base
{
class Base {
int x;
public:
virtual void show() = 0;
int getX() { return x; }
};
class Derived: public Base
{
class Derived : public Base {
public:
void show() { cout << "In Derived \n"; }
Derived() {}
};
int main(void)
{
int main(void) {
// Base b; //error! 不能创建抽象类的对象
// Base *b = new Base(); error!
Base *bp = new Derived(); // 抽象类的指针和引用 -> 由抽象类派生出来的类的对象
bp->show();
return 0;
}

15
basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts3.cpp
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@ -9,21 +9,20 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
class Base {
int x;
public:
virtual void show() = 0;
int getX() { return x; }
};
class Derived: public Base
{
class Derived : public Base {
public:
// void show() { }
};
int main(void)
{
Derived d; //error! 派生类没有实现纯虚函数，那么派生类也会变为抽象类，不能创建抽象类的对象
int main(void) {
Derived
d; // error!
// 派生类没有实现纯虚函数，那么派生类也会变为抽象类，不能创建抽象类的对象
return 0;
}

11
basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts4.cpp
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@ -10,25 +10,24 @@
using namespace std;
// An abstract class with constructor
class Base
{
class Base {
protected:
int x;
public:
virtual void fun() = 0;
Base(int i) { x = i; }
};
class Derived: public Base
{
class Derived : public Base {
int y;
public:
Derived(int i, int j) : Base(i) { y = j; }
void fun() { cout << "x = " << x << ", y = " << y; }
};
int main(void)
{
int main(void) {
Derived d(4, 5);
d.fun();
return 0;

1
basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts5.cpp
View File

@ -27,4 +27,3 @@ int main() {
delete Var;
return 0;
}

8
basic_content/abstract/pure_virtual.cpp
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@ -11,17 +11,15 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
class A {
private:
int a;
public:
virtual void show() = 0; // 纯虚函数
};
int main()
{
int main() {
/*
* 1. 抽象类只能作为基类来派生新类使用
* 2. 抽象类的指针和引用->由抽象类派生出来的类的对象！

23
basic_content/abstract/test.cpp
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@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
/**
* @file test.cpp
* @brief C++中的纯虚函数(或抽象函数)是我们没有实现的虚函数！我们只需声明它!通过声明中赋值0来声明纯虚函数！
* 纯虚函数：没有函数体的虚函数
* @author 光城
* @version v1
* @date 2019-07-20
*/
/**
* @brief 抽象类
*/
class Test
{
// Data members of class
public:
// Pure Virtual Function
virtual void show() = 0;
/* Other members */
};

13
basic_content/assert/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
# you can run some main program, just replace binary name
# such as: `bazel run basic_content/assert:ignore_assert`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
cc_binary(
name = "ignore_assert",
srcs = ["ignore_assert.c"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "assert",
srcs = ["assert.c"],
)

3
basic_content/assert/assert.c
View File

@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ int main()
int x = 7;
/* Some big code in between and let's say x
* is accidentally changed to 9 */
* is accidentally changed to 9
*/
x = 9;
// Programmer assumes x to be 7 in rest of the code

1
basic_content/assert/ignore_assert.c
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@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
#include<assert.h>
int main(){
int x=7;
assert(x==5);
return 0;
}

7
basic_content/bit/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/bit:bit`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
cc_binary(
name = "bit",
srcs = ["bit.cpp"],
)

2
basic_content/bit/README.md
View File

@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ struct stuff
这里 stuff.field1 与 stuff.field2 之间有一个 2 Bits 的空隙，stuff.field3 则存储在下一个 unsigned int 中，该结构现在大小为 3 * 32 = 96 Bits。
学习代码见：[learn.cpp](learn.cpp)
学习代码见：[bit.cpp](bit.cpp)
## 位域的初始化和位的重映射

18
basic_content/bit/bit.cpp Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct stuff {
unsigned int field1 : 30;
unsigned int : 2;
unsigned int field2 : 4;
unsigned int : 0;
unsigned int field3 : 3;
};
int main() {
struct stuff s = {1, 3, 5};
cout << s.field1 << endl;
cout << s.field2 << endl;
cout << s.field3 << endl;
cout << sizeof(s) << endl;
return 0;
}

19
basic_content/bit/learn.cpp
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@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct stuff
{
unsigned int field1: 30;
unsigned int : 2;
unsigned int field2: 4;
unsigned int : 0;
unsigned int field3: 3;
};
int main(){
struct stuff s={1,3,5};
cout<<s.field1<<endl;
cout<<s.field2<<endl;
cout<<s.field3<<endl;
cout<<sizeof(s)<<endl;
return 0;
}

13
basic_content/c_poly/BUILD Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/c_poly:c_examp`
# please run `bazel run basic_content/c_poly:c++_examp`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
cc_binary(
name = "c_examp",
srcs = ["c_examp.c"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "c++_examp",
srcs = ["c++_examp.cpp"],
)

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basic_content/c_poly/c++_examp
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7
basic_content/c_poly/c++_examp.cpp
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@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
class A {
public:
virtual void f() //虚函数实现
{
@ -27,9 +26,7 @@ class B:public A // 必须为共有继承，否则后面调用不到，class
}
};
int main()
{
int main() {
A a; //基类对象
B b; //派生类对象

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17
basic_content/const/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const:const_function`
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const:const_num`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "const_function",
srcs = ["const_function.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "const_num",
srcs = ["const_num.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

29
basic_content/const/README.md
View File

@ -298,41 +298,42 @@ public:
int getCount() const;
};
//main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include"apple.cpp"
using namespace std;
// apple.cpp
Apple::Apple(int i) : apple_number(i)
{
}
int Apple::add(){
take(1);
int Apple::add(int num)
{
take(num);
return 0;
}
int Apple::add(int num) const{
int Apple::add(int num) const
{
take(num);
return num;
return 0;
}
void Apple::take(int num) const
{
cout<<"take func "<<num<<endl;
std::cout << "take func " << num << std::endl;
}
int Apple::getCount() const
{
take(1);
add(); // error
// add(); //error
return apple_number;
}
int main(){
int main()
{
Apple a(2);
cout << a.getCount() << endl;
a.add(10);
const Apple b(3);
b.add(100);
return 0;
}
// main.cpp
```
> 编译： g++ -o main main.cpp apple.cpp<br>
> 编译：bazel run basic_content/const/class_const/first_example:main<br>
此时报错，上面getCount()方法中调用了一个add方法，而add方法并非const修饰，所以运行报错。也就是说const成员函数只能访问const成员函数。

16
basic_content/const/class_const/c++11_example/BUILD Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/class_const/c++11_example:main`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary", "cc_library")
cc_library(
name = "apple",
srcs = ["apple.cpp"],
hdrs = ["apple.h"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "main",
srcs = ["main.cpp"],
deps = [
":apple",
],
)

32
basic_content/const/class_const/c++11_example/apple.cpp
View File

@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
class Apple
{
private:
int people[100];
public:
Apple(int i);
//使用c++11标准编译
static const int apple_number=10;
//const int apple_number=10;
void take(int num) const;
int add(int num);
int add(int num) const;
int getCount() const;
};
#include "apple.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Apple::Apple(int i) {}
int Apple::add(int num) {
take(num);
return 0;
}
int Apple::add(int num) const {
take(num);
return 0;
}
void Apple::take(int num) const { cout << "take func " << num << endl; }
int Apple::getCount() const {
take(1);
// add(); //error
return apple_number;
}

13
basic_content/const/class_const/c++11_example/apple.h Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
#pragma once
class Apple {
public:
Apple(int i);
// 使用c++11标准编译
static const int apple_number = 10;
// const int apple_number=10;
void take(int num) const;
int add(int num);
int add(int num) const;
int getCount() const;
};

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basic_content/const/class_const/c++11_example/main
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22
basic_content/const/class_const/c++11_example/main.cpp
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@ -1,26 +1,6 @@
#include "apple.h"
#include <iostream>
#include"apple.cpp"
using namespace std;
Apple::Apple(int i)
{
}
int Apple::add(int num){
take(num);
}
int Apple::add(int num) const{
take(num);
}
void Apple::take(int num) const
{
cout<<"take func "<<num<<endl;
}
int Apple::getCount() const
{
take(1);
// add(); //error
return apple_number;
}
int main() {
Apple a(2);
cout << a.getCount() << endl;

16
basic_content/const/class_const/first_example/BUILD Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/class_const/first_example:main`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary", "cc_library")
cc_library(
name = "apple",
srcs = ["apple.cpp"],
hdrs = ["apple.h"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "main",
srcs = ["main.cpp"],
deps = [
":apple",
],
)

31
basic_content/const/class_const/first_example/apple.cpp
View File

@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
class Apple
{
private:
int people[100];
public:
Apple(int i);
const int apple_number;
void take(int num) const;
int add(int num);
int add(int num) const;
int getCount() const;
};
#include "apple.h"
#include <iostream>
Apple::Apple(int i) : apple_number(i) {}
int Apple::add(int num) {
take(num);
return 0;
}
int Apple::add(int num) const {
take(num);
return 0;
}
void Apple::take(int num) const {
std::cout << "take func " << num << std::endl;
}
int Apple::getCount() const {
take(1);
// add(); //error
return apple_number;
}

11
basic_content/const/class_const/first_example/apple.h Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
#pragma once
class Apple {
public:
Apple(int i);
const int apple_number;
void take(int num) const;
int add(int num);
int add(int num) const;
int getCount() const;
};

22
basic_content/const/class_const/first_example/main.cpp
View File

@ -1,27 +1,7 @@
#include "apple.h"
#include <iostream>
#include"apple.cpp"
using namespace std;
Apple::Apple(int i):apple_number(i)
{
}
int Apple::add(int num){
take(num);
}
int Apple::add(int num) const{
take(num);
}
void Apple::take(int num) const
{
cout<<"take func "<<num<<endl;
}
int Apple::getCount() const
{
take(1);
// add(); //error
return apple_number;
}
int main() {
Apple a(2);
cout << a.getCount() << endl;

18
basic_content/const/class_const/overload_example/BUILD Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/class_const/overload_example:main`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary", "cc_library")
cc_library(
name = "apple",
srcs = ["apple.cpp"],
hdrs = ["apple.h"],
)
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "main",
srcs = ["main.cpp"],
deps = [
":apple",
],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

33
basic_content/const/class_const/overload_example/apple.cpp
View File

@ -1,13 +1,22 @@
class Apple
{
private:
int people[100];
public:
Apple(int i);
static const int apple_number;
void take(int num) const;
int add();
int add(int num) const;
int getCount() const;
};
#include "apple.h"
#include <iostream>
int Apple::apple_number = 10;
Apple::Apple(int i) { apple_number = i; }
int Apple::add() {
take(1);
return 0;
}
int Apple::add(int num) const {
take(num);
return num;
}
void Apple::take(int num) const {
std::cout << "take func " << num << std::endl;
}
int Apple::getCount() const {
take(1);
add(); // error
return apple_number;
}

11
basic_content/const/class_const/overload_example/apple.h Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
#pragma once
class Apple {
public:
Apple(int i);
static int apple_number;
void take(int num) const;
int add();
int add(int num) const;
int getCount() const;
};

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28
basic_content/const/class_const/overload_example/main.cpp
View File

@ -1,33 +1,7 @@
#include "apple.h"
#include <iostream>
#include"apple.cpp"
using namespace std;
const int Apple::apple_number=10;
#include<iostream>
#include"apple.cpp"
using namespace std;
Apple::Apple(int i):apple_number(i)
{
}
int Apple::add(){
take(1);
return 0;
}
int Apple::add(int num) const{
take(num);
return num;
}
void Apple::take(int num) const
{
cout<<"take func "<<num<<endl;
}
int Apple::getCount() const
{
take(1);
add(); // error
return apple_number;
}
int main() {
Apple a(2);
cout << a.getCount() << endl;

17
basic_content/const/class_const/static_example/BUILD Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/class_const/static_example:main`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary", "cc_library")
cc_library(
name = "apple",
srcs = ["apple.cpp"],
hdrs = ["apple.h"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "main",
srcs = ["main.cpp"],
deps = [
":apple",
],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

34
basic_content/const/class_const/static_example/apple.cpp
View File

@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
class Apple
{
private:
int people[100];
public:
Apple(int i);
static int ap; //在类实现文件中定义并初始化
static const int apple_number;
void take(int num) const;
int add(int num);
int add(int num) const;
int getCount() const;
};
#include "apple.h"
#include <iostream>
const int Apple::apple_number = 10;
int Apple::ap = 666;
Apple::Apple(int i) {}
int Apple::add(int num) {
take(num);
return 0;
}
int Apple::add(int num) const {
take(num);
return 0;
}
void Apple::take(int num) const {
std::cout << "take func " << num << std::endl;
}
int Apple::getCount() const {
take(1);
// add(); //error
return apple_number;
}

11
basic_content/const/class_const/static_example/apple.h Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
#pragma once
class Apple {
public:
Apple(int i);
static int ap; // 在类实现文件中定义并初始化
static const int apple_number;
void take(int num) const;
int add(int num);
int add(int num) const;
int getCount() const;
};

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29
basic_content/const/class_const/static_example/main.cpp
View File

@ -1,32 +1,9 @@
#include "apple.h"
#include <iostream>
#include"apple.cpp"
using namespace std;
const int Apple::apple_number=10;
int Apple::ap=666;
Apple::Apple(int i)
{
}
int Apple::add(int num){
take(num);
}
int Apple::add(int num) const{
take(num);
}
void Apple::take(int num) const
{
cout<<"take func "<<num<<endl;
}
int Apple::getCount() const
{
take(1);
// add(); //error
return apple_number;
}
int main() {
Apple a(2);
cout<<a.getCount()<<endl;
cout<<a.ap<<endl;
std::cout << a.getCount() << std::endl;
std::cout << a.ap << std::endl;
a.add(10);
const Apple b(3);
b.add(100);

4
basic_content/const/const_function.cpp
View File

@ -6,6 +6,4 @@ void f(const int i){
cout << i << endl;
}
int main(){
f(1);
}
int main() { f(1); }

14
basic_content/const/extern_const/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/extern_const:const_file1` and `# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/extern_const:file`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
cc_binary(
name = "const_file1",
srcs = ["const_file1.cpp", "const_file2.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)
cc_binary(
name = "file",
srcs = ["file1.cpp", "file2.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

5
basic_content/const/extern_const/const_file2.cpp
View File

@ -5,7 +5,4 @@
* execute: ./file
*/
extern const int ext;
int main(){
std::cout<<ext<<std::endl;
}
int main() { std::cout << ext << std::endl; }

5
basic_content/const/extern_const/file2.cpp
View File

@ -5,7 +5,4 @@
* execute: ./file
*/
extern int ext;
int main(){
std::cout<<(ext+10)<<std::endl;
}
int main() { std::cout << (ext + 10) << std::endl; }

24
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition1/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2:condition1`
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2:condition2`
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2:condition3`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "condition1",
srcs = ["condition1.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "condition2",
srcs = ["condition2.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)
cc_binary(
name = "condition3",
srcs = ["condition3.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

1
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition1/condition1.cpp
View File

@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
const int *ptr;
*ptr = 10; // error

1
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition1/condition2.cpp
View File

@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
const int p = 10;
const void *vp = &p;

1
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition1/condition3.cpp
View File

@ -8,5 +8,4 @@ int main(){
int *ptr1 = &val;
*ptr1 = 4;
cout << *ptr << endl;
}

23
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2:condition1`
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2:condition2`
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2:condition3`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
cc_binary(
name = "condition1",
srcs = ["condition1.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "condition2",
srcs = ["condition2.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)
cc_binary(
name = "condition3",
srcs = ["condition3.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

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1
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2/condition1.cpp
View File

@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int num = 0;
int *const ptr = &num; // const指针必须初始化！且const指针的值不能修改
int *t = &num;

1
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2/condition2.cpp
View File

@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
const int num = 0;
int *const ptr = &num; // error! const int* -> int*
cout << *ptr << endl;

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1
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition2/condition3.cpp
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@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
const int num = 10;
const int *const ptr = &num; // error! const int* -> int*
cout << *ptr << endl;

9
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition3/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition3:condition1`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "condition1",
srcs = ["condition1.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

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basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition3/condition1
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2
basic_content/const/funciton_const/condition3/condition1.cpp
View File

@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
using namespace std;
int main() {
const int p = 3;
const int *const ptr = &p;
cout << *ptr << endl;
}

8
basic_content/decltype/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/decltype:decltype`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
cc_binary(
name = "decltype",
srcs = ["decltype.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

BIN
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23
basic_content/decltype/decltype.cpp
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@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
/**
* @file decltype.cpp
* @brief g++ -o decltype decltype.cpp -std=c++11
* @author 光城
* @version v1
* @date 2019-08-08
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
@ -14,13 +6,11 @@ using namespace std;
*/
template <typename T>
auto multiply(T x, T y)->decltype(x*y)
{
auto multiply(T x, T y) -> decltype(x * y) {
return x * y;
}
int main()
{
int main() {
int nums[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
vector<int> vec(nums, nums + 4);
vector<int>::iterator it;
@ -29,14 +19,12 @@ int main()
cout << *it << " ";
cout << endl;
using nullptr_t = decltype(nullptr);
nullptr_t nu;
int *p = NULL;
if (p == nu)
cout << "NULL" << endl;
typedef decltype(vec.begin()) vectype;
for (vectype i = vec.begin(); i != vec.end(); i++)
@ -46,15 +34,14 @@ int main()
/**
* 匿名结构体
*/
struct
{
struct {
int d;
double b;
} anon_s;
decltype(anon_s) as; // 定义了一个上面匿名的结构体
decltype(anon_s) as{1, 2.0}; // 定义了一个上面匿名的结构体
cout<<multiply(11,2)<<endl;
cout << multiply(11, 2) << ":" << as.b << endl;
return 0;
}

16
basic_content/enum/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/enum:classic_practice`
# please run `bazel run basic_content/enum:tradition_color`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
cc_binary(
name = "classic_practice",
srcs = ["classic_practice.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "tradition_color",
srcs = ["tradition_color.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

18
basic_content/enum/README.md
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@ -15,14 +15,22 @@
- 作用域不受限,会容易引起命名冲突。例如下面无法编译通过的：
```c++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
enum Color {RED,BLUE};
enum Feeling {EXCITED,BLUE};
enum Color
{
RED,
BLUE
};
enum Feeling
{
EXCITED,
BLUE
};
int main()
{
Color a = BLUE; // error
Feeling b = EXCITED;
std::cout << a << ":" << b << std::endl;
return 0;
}
```

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44
basic_content/enum/classic_practice.cpp
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@ -1,24 +1,10 @@
/**
* @file classic_practice.cpp
* @brief g++ -o classic_practice classic_practice.cpp -std=c++11
* @author 光城
* @version v1
* @date 2019-08-07
*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/**
* @brief namespace解决作用域不受限
*/
namespace Color
{
enum Type
{
RED=15,
YELLOW,
BLUE
};
namespace Color {
enum Type { RED = 15, YELLOW, BLUE };
};
/**
@ -32,38 +18,22 @@ namespace Color
* 这里用结构体而非类，一是因为本身希望这些常量可以公开访问，
* 二是因为它只包含数据没有成员函数。
*/
struct Color1
{
enum Type
{
RED=102,
YELLOW,
BLUE
};
struct Color1 {
enum Type { RED = 102, YELLOW, BLUE };
};
/**
* @brief C++11的枚举类
* 下面等价于enum class Color2:int
*/
enum class Color2
{
RED=2,
YELLOW,
BLUE
};
enum class Color2 { RED = 2, YELLOW, BLUE };
enum class Color3 : char; // 前向声明
// 定义
enum class Color3:char
{
RED='r',
BLUE
};
enum class Color3 : char { RED = 'r', BLUE };
int main()
{
int main() {
// 定义新的枚举变量
Color::Type c = Color::RED;
cout << c << endl;

6
basic_content/enum/tradition_color.cpp
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@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ using namespace std;
enum Color { RED, BLUE };
enum Feeling { EXCITED, BLUE };
int main()
{
int main() {
Color a = BLUE; // error
Feeling b = EXCITED;
std::cout << a << ":" << b << std::endl;
return 0;
}

9
basic_content/explicit/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/explicit:explicit`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
# Don't panic if you get compilation errors, this is what this code demonstrates, as expected.
cc_binary(
name = "explicit",
srcs = ["explicit.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

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31
basic_content/explicit/explicit.cpp
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@ -2,14 +2,12 @@
using namespace std;
struct A
{
struct A {
A(int) {}
operator bool() const { return true; }
};
struct B
{
struct B {
explicit B(int) {}
explicit operator bool() const { return true; }
};
@ -18,28 +16,35 @@ void doA(A a) {}
void doB(B b) {}
int main()
{
int main() {
A a1(1); // OK：直接初始化
A a2 = 1; // OK：复制初始化
A a3{1}; // OK：直接列表初始化
A a4 = {1}; // OK：复制列表初始化
A a5 = (A)1; // OK：允许 static_cast 的显式转换
doA(1); // OK：允许从 int 到 A 的隐式转换
if (a1); // OK：使用转换函数 A::operator bool() 的从 A 到 bool 的隐式转换
if (a1)
; // OK：使用转换函数 A::operator bool() 的从 A 到 bool 的隐式转换
bool a6(a1); // OK：使用转换函数 A::operator bool() 的从 A 到 bool 的隐式转换
bool a7 = a1; // OK：使用转换函数 A::operator bool() 的从 A 到 bool 的隐式转换
bool a8 = static_cast<bool>(a1); // OK ：static_cast 进行直接初始化
B b1(1); // OK：直接初始化
// B b2 = 1; // 错误：被 explicit 修饰构造函数的对象不可以复制初始化
// B b2 = 1; // 错误：被 explicit
// 修饰构造函数的对象不可以复制初始化
B b3{1}; // OK：直接列表初始化
// B b4 = { 1 }; // 错误：被 explicit 修饰构造函数的对象不可以复制列表初始化
// B b4 = { 1 }; // 错误：被 explicit
// 修饰构造函数的对象不可以复制列表初始化
B b5 = (B)1; // OK：允许 static_cast 的显式转换
// doB(1); // 错误：被 explicit 修饰构造函数的对象不可以从 int 到 B 的隐式转换
if (b1); // OK：被 explicit 修饰转换函数 B::operator bool() 的对象可以从 B 到 bool 的按语境转换
bool b6(b1); // OK：被 explicit 修饰转换函数 B::operator bool() 的对象可以从 B 到 bool 的按语境转换
// bool b7 = b1; // 错误：被 explicit 修饰转换函数 B::operator bool() 的对象不可以隐式转换
// doB(1); // 错误：被 explicit
// 修饰构造函数的对象不可以从 int 到 B 的隐式转换
if (b1)
; // OK：被 explicit 修饰转换函数 B::operator bool() 的对象可以从 B 到 bool
// 的按语境转换
bool b6(b1); // OK：被 explicit 修饰转换函数 B::operator bool() 的对象可以从 B
// 到 bool 的按语境转换
// bool b7 = b1; // 错误：被 explicit 修饰转换函数
// B::operator bool() 的对象不可以隐式转换
bool b8 = static_cast<bool>(b1); // OK：static_cast 进行直接初始化
return 0;

4
basic_content/extern/README.md vendored
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@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ extern "C" {
#include "add.h"
}
int main() {
add(2,3);
std::cout << add(2, 3) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
```
@ -99,6 +99,8 @@ gcc -c add.c
g++ add.cpp add.o -o main
```
如果使用bazel编译，运行:`bazel run basic_content/extern/extern_c++:main`
而通常为了C代码能够通用，即既能被C调用，又能被C++调用，头文件通常会有如下写法：
```c

15
basic_content/extern/extern_c++/BUILD vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/extern/extern_c++:main`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary", "cc_library")
cc_library(
name = "add",
srcs = ["add.c"],
hdrs = ["add.h"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "main",
srcs = ["add.cpp"],
deps = [":add"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

2
basic_content/extern/extern_c++/add.cpp vendored
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@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ extern "C" {
#include "add.h"
}
int main() {
add(2,3);
std::cout << add(2, 3) << std::endl;
return 0;
}

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14
basic_content/extern/extern_c/BUILD vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/extern/extern_c:main`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary", "cc_library")
cc_library(
name = "add",
srcs = ["add.cpp"],
hdrs = ["add.h"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "main",
srcs = ["add.c"],
deps = [":add"],
)

4
basic_content/extern/extern_c/add.cpp vendored
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@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
#include "add.h"
int add(int x,int y) {
return x+y;
}
int add(int x, int y) { return x + y; }

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15
basic_content/friend/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/friend:friend_class`
# please run `bazel run basic_content/friend:friend_func`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
cc_binary(
name = "friend_class",
srcs = ["friend_class.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)
cc_binary(
name = "friend_func",
srcs = ["friend_func.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

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14
basic_content/friend/friend_class.cpp
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@ -2,25 +2,21 @@
using namespace std;
class A
{
class A {
public:
A(int _a) : a(_a){};
friend class B;
private:
int a;
};
class B
{
class B {
public:
int getb(A ca) {
return ca.a;
};
int getb(A ca) { return ca.a; };
};
int main()
{
int main() {
A a(3);
B b;
cout << b.getb(a) << endl;

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19
basic_content/friend/friend_func.cpp
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@ -1,17 +1,8 @@
/**
* @file friend_func.cpp
* @brief 友元函数
* @author 光城
* @version v1
* @date 2019-08-06
*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
class A {
public:
A(int _a) : a(_a){};
friend int geta(A &ca); ///< 友元函数
@ -19,13 +10,9 @@ private:
int a;
};
int geta(A &ca)
{
return ca.a;
}
int geta(A &ca) { return ca.a; }
int main()
{
int main() {
A a(3);
cout << geta(a) << endl;

8
basic_content/func_pointer/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/func_pointer:func_pointer`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary")
cc_binary(
name = "func_pointer",
srcs = ["func_pointer.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

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8
basic_content/func_pointer/func_pointer.cpp
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@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
using namespace std;
/**
* @brief 定义了一个变量pFun，这个变量是个指针，指向返回值为空和参数为int的函数的指针！
* @brief
* 定义了一个变量pFun，这个变量是个指针，指向返回值为空和参数为int的函数的指针！
*/
void (*pFun)(int);
@ -19,10 +20,7 @@ void (*pFun)(int);
*/
typedef void (*func)(void);
void myfunc(void)
{
cout<<"asda"<<endl;
}
void myfunc(void) { cout << "asda" << endl; }
void glFun(int a) { cout << a << endl; }
int main() {

23
basic_content/inline/BUILD Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
# please run `bazel run basic_content/inline:inline_virtual`
# please run `bazel run basic_content/inline:main`
load("@rules_cc//cc:defs.bzl", "cc_binary", "cc_library")
cc_library(
name = "inline",
hdrs = ["inline.h"],
)
cc_binary(
name = "inline_virtual",
srcs = ["inline_virtual.cpp"],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)
cc_binary(
name = "main",
srcs = ["inline.cpp"],
deps = [
":inline",
],
copts = ["-std=c++11"]
)

4
basic_content/inline/README.md
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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public:
{
};
void f1(int x); ///< 声明后，要想成为内联函数，必须在定义处加inline关键字。
void f2(int x); ///< 声明后，要想成为内联函数，必须在定义处加inline关键字。
};
```
@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ int main()
delete ptr;
ptr = nullptr;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
```

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33
basic_content/inline/inline.cpp
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@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
#include <iostream>
#include "inline.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/**
* @brief inline要起作用,inline要与函数定义放在一起,inline是一种“用于实现的关键字,而不是用于声明的关键字”
* @brief
* inline要起作用,inline要与函数定义放在一起,inline是一种“用于实现的关键字,而不是用于声明的关键字”
*
* @param x
* @param y
@ -19,18 +18,12 @@ inline int Foo(int x,int y) // 函数定义
return x + y;
}
// 定义处加inline关键字，推荐这种写法！
inline void A::f1(int x){
}
inline void A::f1(int x) {}
/**
* @brief 内联能提高函数效率，但并不是所有的函数都定义成内联函数！内联是以代码膨胀(复制)为代价，仅仅省去了函数调用的开销，从而提高函数的执行效率。
* @brief
* 内联能提高函数效率，但并不是所有的函数都定义成内联函数！内联是以代码膨胀(复制)为代价，仅仅省去了函数调用的开销，从而提高函数的执行效率。
* 如果执行函数体内代码的时间相比于函数调用的开销较大，那么效率的收货会更少！另一方面，每一处内联函数的调用都要复制代码，将使程序的总代码量增大，消耗更多的内存空间。
* 以下情况不宜用内联：
* （1） 如果函数体内的代码比较长，使得内联将导致内存消耗代价比较高。
@ -38,20 +31,12 @@ inline void A::f1(int x){
*
* @return
*/
int main()
{
cout<<Foo(1,2)<<endl;
}
int main() { cout << Foo(1, 2) << endl; }
/**
* 编译器对 inline 函数的处理步骤
* 将 inline 函数体复制到 inline 函数调用点处；
* 为所用 inline 函数中的局部变量分配内存空间；
* 将 inline 函数的的输入参数和返回值映射到调用方法的局部变量空间中；
* 如果 inline 函数有多个返回点，将其转变为 inline 函数代码块末尾的分支（使用 GOTO）。
* 如果 inline 函数有多个返回点，将其转变为 inline 函数代码块末尾的分支（使用
* GOTO）。
*/

11
basic_content/inline/inline.h
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@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
class A
{
#pragma once
class A {
public:
void f1(int x);
/**
* @brief 类中定义了的函数是隐式内联函数,声明要想成为内联函数，必须在实现处(定义处)加inline关键字。
* @brief
* 类中定义了的函数是隐式内联函数,声明要想成为内联函数，必须在实现处(定义处)加inline关键字。
*
* @param x
* @param y
@ -14,6 +14,5 @@ public:
{
};
void f1(int x); ///< 声明后，要想成为内联函数，必须在定义处加inline关键字。
void f2(int x); ///< 声明后，要想成为内联函数，必须在定义处加inline关键字。
};

20
basic_content/inline/inline_virtual.cpp
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@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
class Base {
public:
inline virtual void who()
{
cout << "I am Base\n";
}
inline virtual void who() { cout << "I am Base\n"; }
virtual ~Base() {}
};
class Derived : public Base
{
class Derived : public Base {
public:
inline void who() // 不写inline时隐式内联
{
@ -18,9 +13,9 @@ class Derived : public Base
}
};
int main()
{
// 此处的虚函数 who()，是通过类（Base）的具体对象（b）来调用的，编译期间就能确定了，所以它可以是内联的，但最终是否内联取决于编译器。
int main() {
// 此处的虚函数
// who()，是通过类（Base）的具体对象（b）来调用的，编译期间就能确定了，所以它可以是内联的，但最终是否内联取决于编译器。
Base b;
b.who();
@ -28,7 +23,8 @@ int main()
Base *ptr = new Derived();
ptr->who();
// 因为Base有虚析构函数（virtual ~Base() {}），所以 delete 时，会先调用派生类（Derived）析构函数，再调用基类（Base）析构函数，防止内存泄漏。
// 因为Base有虚析构函数（virtual ~Base() {}），所以 delete
// 时，会先调用派生类（Derived）析构函数，再调用基类（Base）析构函数，防止内存泄漏。
delete ptr;
return 0;

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