english
This commit is contained in:
140
english/basic_content/abstract/README.md
Normal file
140
english/basic_content/abstract/README.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
|
||||
# 纯虚函数和抽象类
|
||||
|
||||
## 关于作者:
|
||||
|
||||
个人公众号:
|
||||
|
||||

|
||||
|
||||
## 1.纯虚函数与抽象类
|
||||
|
||||
C++中的纯虚函数(或抽象函数)是我们没有实现的虚函数!我们只需声明它! 通过声明中赋值0来声明纯虚函数!
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// 抽象类
|
||||
Class A {
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void show() = 0; // 纯虚函数
|
||||
/* Other members */
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
* 纯虚函数:没有函数体的虚函数
|
||||
* 抽象类:包含纯虚函数的类
|
||||
|
||||
抽象类只能作为基类来派生新类使用,不能创建抽象类的对象,抽象类的指针和引用->由抽象类派生出来的类的对象!
|
||||
|
||||
> 代码样例:[test.cpp](./test.cpp)、[pure_virtual.cpp](./pure_virtual.cpp)
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.实现抽象类
|
||||
|
||||
抽象类中:在成员函数内可以调用纯虚函数,在构造函数/析构函数内部不能使用纯虚函数。
|
||||
|
||||
如果一个类从抽象类派生而来,它必须实现了基类中的所有纯虚函数,才能成为非抽象类。
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// A为抽象类
|
||||
class A {
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void f() = 0; // 纯虚函数
|
||||
void g(){ this->f(); }
|
||||
A(){} // 构造函数
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
class B : public A{
|
||||
public:
|
||||
void f(){ cout<<"B:f()"<<endl;} // 实现了抽象类的纯虚函数
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
> 代码样例:[abstract.cpp](./abstract.cpp)
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.重要点
|
||||
|
||||
- [纯虚函数使一个类变成抽象类](./interesting_facts1.cpp)
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// 抽象类至少包含一个纯虚函数
|
||||
class Base{
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void show() = 0; // 纯虚函数
|
||||
int getX() { return x; } // 普通成员函数
|
||||
|
||||
private:
|
||||
int x;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- [抽象类类型的指针和引用](./interesting_facts2.cpp)
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
class Derived : public Base {
|
||||
public:
|
||||
void show() { cout << "In Derived \n"; } // 实现抽象类的纯虚函数
|
||||
Derived(){} // 构造函数
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
int main(void)
|
||||
{
|
||||
//Base b; // error! 不能创建抽象类的对象
|
||||
//Base *b = new Base(); error!
|
||||
|
||||
Base *bp = new Derived(); // 抽象类的指针和引用 -> 由抽象类派生出来的类的对象
|
||||
bp->show();
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- [如果我们不在派生类中覆盖纯虚函数,那么派生类也会变成抽象类](./interesting_facts3.cpp)
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// Derived为抽象类
|
||||
class Derived: public Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
public:
|
||||
// void show() {}
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- [抽象类可以有构造函数](./interesting_facts4.cpp)
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// 抽象类
|
||||
class Base {
|
||||
protected:
|
||||
int x;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void fun() = 0;
|
||||
Base(int i) { x = i; } // 构造函数
|
||||
};
|
||||
// 派生类
|
||||
class Derived: public Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
int y;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
Derived(int i, int j) : Base(i) { y = j; } // 构造函数
|
||||
void fun() { cout << "x = " << x << ", y = " << y; }
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- [构造函数不能是虚函数,而析构函数可以是虚析构函数](./interesting_facts5.cpp)
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// 抽象类
|
||||
class Base {
|
||||
public:
|
||||
Base(){ cout << "Constructor: Base" << endl; }
|
||||
virtual ~Base(){ cout << "Destructor : Base" << endl; }
|
||||
|
||||
virtual void func() = 0;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
class Derived: public Base {
|
||||
public:
|
||||
Derived(){ cout << "Constructor: Derived" << endl; }
|
||||
~Derived(){ cout << "Destructor : Derived" << endl;}
|
||||
|
||||
void func(){cout << "In Derived.func()." << endl;}
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
>当基类指针指向派生类对象并删除对象时,我们可能希望调用适当的析构函数。
|
||||
> 如果析构函数不是虚拟的,则只能调用基类析构函数。
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.完整实例
|
||||
|
||||
抽象类由派生类继承实现!
|
||||
|
||||
> 代码样例:[derived_full.cpp](./derived_full.cpp)
|
27
english/basic_content/abstract/abstract.cpp
Normal file
27
english/basic_content/abstract/abstract.cpp
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @file abstract.cpp
|
||||
* @brief 抽象类中:在成员函数内可以调用纯虚函数,在构造函数/析构函数内部不能使用纯虚函数
|
||||
* 如果一个类从抽象类派生而来,它必须实现了基类中的所有纯虚函数,才能成为非抽象类
|
||||
* @author 光城
|
||||
* @version v1
|
||||
* @date 2019-07-20
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include<iostream>
|
||||
using namespace std;
|
||||
|
||||
class A {
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void f() = 0; // 纯虚函数
|
||||
void g(){ this->f(); }
|
||||
A(){}
|
||||
};
|
||||
class B:public A{
|
||||
public:
|
||||
void f(){ cout<<"B:f()"<<endl;}
|
||||
};
|
||||
int main(){
|
||||
B b;
|
||||
b.g();
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
32
english/basic_content/abstract/derived_full.cpp
Normal file
32
english/basic_content/abstract/derived_full.cpp
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @file derived_full.cpp
|
||||
* @brief 完整示例!抽象类由派生类继承实现!
|
||||
* @author 光城
|
||||
* @version v1
|
||||
* @date 2019-07-20
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include<iostream>
|
||||
using namespace std;
|
||||
|
||||
class Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
int x;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void fun() = 0;
|
||||
int getX() { return x; }
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
class Derived: public Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
int y;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
void fun() { cout << "fun() called"; } // 实现了fun()函数
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
int main(void)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Derived d;
|
||||
d.fun();
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
28
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts1.cpp
Normal file
28
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts1.cpp
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @file interesting_facts1.cpp
|
||||
* @brief 纯虚函数使一个类变成抽象类
|
||||
* @author 光城
|
||||
* @version v1
|
||||
* @date 2019-07-20
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include<iostream>
|
||||
using namespace std;
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @brief 抽象类至少包含一个纯虚函数
|
||||
*/
|
||||
class Test
|
||||
{
|
||||
int x;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void show() = 0;
|
||||
int getX() { return x; }
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
int main(void)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Test t; //error! 不能创建抽象类的对象
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
38
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts2.cpp
Normal file
38
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts2.cpp
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @file interesting_facts2.cpp
|
||||
* @brief 抽象类类型的指针和引用
|
||||
* @author 光城
|
||||
* @version v1
|
||||
* @date 2019-07-20
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include<iostream>
|
||||
using namespace std;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @brief 抽象类至少包含一个纯虚函数
|
||||
*/
|
||||
class Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
int x;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void show() = 0;
|
||||
int getX() { return x; }
|
||||
|
||||
};
|
||||
class Derived: public Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
public:
|
||||
void show() { cout << "In Derived \n"; }
|
||||
Derived(){}
|
||||
};
|
||||
int main(void)
|
||||
{
|
||||
//Base b; //error! 不能创建抽象类的对象
|
||||
//Base *b = new Base(); error!
|
||||
Base *bp = new Derived(); // 抽象类的指针和引用 -> 由抽象类派生出来的类的对象
|
||||
bp->show();
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
29
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts3.cpp
Normal file
29
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts3.cpp
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @file interesting_facts3.cpp
|
||||
* @brief 如果我们不在派生类中覆盖纯虚函数,那么派生类也会变成抽象类。
|
||||
* @author 光城
|
||||
* @version v1
|
||||
* @date 2019-07-20
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include<iostream>
|
||||
using namespace std;
|
||||
|
||||
class Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
int x;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void show() = 0;
|
||||
int getX() { return x; }
|
||||
};
|
||||
class Derived: public Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
public:
|
||||
// void show() { }
|
||||
};
|
||||
int main(void)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Derived d; //error! 派生类没有实现纯虚函数,那么派生类也会变为抽象类,不能创建抽象类的对象
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
35
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts4.cpp
Normal file
35
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts4.cpp
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @file interesting_facts4.cpp
|
||||
* @brief 抽象类可以有构造函数
|
||||
* @author 光城
|
||||
* @version v1
|
||||
* @date 2019-07-20
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include<iostream>
|
||||
using namespace std;
|
||||
|
||||
// An abstract class with constructor
|
||||
class Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
protected:
|
||||
int x;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void fun() = 0;
|
||||
Base(int i) { x = i; }
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
class Derived: public Base
|
||||
{
|
||||
int y;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
Derived(int i, int j):Base(i) { y = j; }
|
||||
void fun() { cout << "x = " << x << ", y = " << y; }
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
int main(void)
|
||||
{
|
||||
Derived d(4, 5);
|
||||
d.fun();
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
30
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts5.cpp
Normal file
30
english/basic_content/abstract/interesting_facts5.cpp
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @file interesting_facts5.cpp
|
||||
* @brief 构造函数不能是虚函数,而析构函数可以是虚析构函数。
|
||||
* 例如:当基类指针指向派生类对象并删除对象时,我们可能希望调用适当的析构函数。如果析构函数不是虚拟的,则只能调用基类析构函数。
|
||||
* @author 光城
|
||||
* @version v1
|
||||
* @date 2019-07-20
|
||||
*/
|
||||
#include<iostream>
|
||||
using namespace std;
|
||||
|
||||
class Base {
|
||||
public:
|
||||
Base() { cout << "Constructor: Base" << endl; }
|
||||
virtual ~Base() { cout << "Destructor : Base" << endl; }
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
class Derived: public Base {
|
||||
public:
|
||||
Derived() { cout << "Constructor: Derived" << endl; }
|
||||
~Derived() { cout << "Destructor : Derived" << endl; }
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
int main() {
|
||||
Base *Var = new Derived();
|
||||
delete Var;
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
34
english/basic_content/abstract/pure_virtual.cpp
Normal file
34
english/basic_content/abstract/pure_virtual.cpp
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @file pure_virtual.cpp
|
||||
* @brief 纯虚函数:没有函数体的虚函数
|
||||
* 抽象类:包含纯虚函数的类
|
||||
*
|
||||
* @author 光城
|
||||
* @version v1
|
||||
* @date 2019-07-20
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#include<iostream>
|
||||
|
||||
using namespace std;
|
||||
class A
|
||||
{
|
||||
private:
|
||||
int a;
|
||||
public:
|
||||
virtual void show()=0; // 纯虚函数
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
int main()
|
||||
{
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* 1. 抽象类只能作为基类来派生新类使用
|
||||
* 2. 抽象类的指针和引用->由抽象类派生出来的类的对象!
|
||||
*/
|
||||
A a; // error 抽象类,不能创建对象
|
||||
|
||||
A *a1; // ok 可以定义抽象类的指针
|
||||
|
||||
A *a2 = new A(); // error, A是抽象类,不能创建对象
|
||||
}
|
23
english/basic_content/abstract/test.cpp
Normal file
23
english/basic_content/abstract/test.cpp
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @file test.cpp
|
||||
* @brief C++中的纯虚函数(或抽象函数)是我们没有实现的虚函数!我们只需声明它!通过声明中赋值0来声明纯虚函数!
|
||||
* 纯虚函数:没有函数体的虚函数
|
||||
* @author 光城
|
||||
* @version v1
|
||||
* @date 2019-07-20
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* @brief 抽象类
|
||||
*/
|
||||
class Test
|
||||
{
|
||||
// Data members of class
|
||||
public:
|
||||
// Pure Virtual Function
|
||||
virtual void show() = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
/* Other members */
|
||||
};
|
Reference in New Issue
Block a user