update

concurrency/concurrency_v1/chapter1/1_helloworld.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//
+// Created by light on 19-11-5.
+//
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <thread>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+void hello() {
+    cout << "hello world" << endl;
+}
+
+int main() {
+    thread t(hello);
+    t.join();       // must add this line otherwise will failed!
+    // 需要注意的是线程对象执行了join后就不再joinable了，所以只能调用join一次。
+    return 0;
+}

concurrency/concurrency_v1/chapter2/2.1_basic.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//
+// Created by light on 19-11-5.
+//
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <thread>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <cassert>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class background_task {
+public:
+    void operator()() const {
+        cout << "ok" << endl;
+    }
+};
+
+void do_something(int &i) {
+    cout << "do_something" << endl;
+}
+
+struct func {
+    int &i;
+
+    func(int &i_) : i(i_) {}
+
+    void operator()() {
+        for (unsigned j = 0; j < 1000000; ++j) {
+            do_something(i);           // 1. 潜在访问隐患：悬空引用
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+// 特殊情况下的等待
+void f() {
+    int some_local_state = 0;
+    func my_func(some_local_state);
+    std::thread t(my_func);
+    try {
+//        do_something_in_current_thread();
+    }
+    catch (...) {
+        t.join();  // 1
+        throw;
+    }
+    t.join();  // 2
+}
+
+// try catch 只能捕获轻量级错误,所以如需确保线程在函数之前结束——查看是否因为线程函数使用了局部变量的引用，
+// 以及其他原因——而后再确定一下程序可能会退出的途径，无论正常与否，可以提供一个简洁的机制，来做解决这个问题。
+
+// 一种方式是使用“资源获取即初始化方式”(RAII，Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)，并且提供一个类，在析构函数中使用join()，
+// std::thread支持移动的好处是可以创建thread_guard类的实例，并且拥有其线程的所有权。
+class thread_guard {
+    std::thread &t;
+public:
+    explicit thread_guard(std::thread &t_) :
+            t(t_) {}
+
+    ~thread_guard() {
+        if (t.joinable()) // 1
+        {
+            t.join();      // 2
+        }
+    }
+
+    thread_guard(thread_guard const &) = delete;   // 3
+    thread_guard &operator=(thread_guard const &) = delete;
+};
+void f1()
+{
+    int some_local_state=0;
+    func my_func(some_local_state);
+    std::thread t(my_func);
+    thread_guard g(t);
+//    do_something_in_current_thread();
+}    // 4
+// 当线程执行到4处时，局部对象就要被逆序销毁了。因此，thread_guard对象g是第一个被销毁的，
+// 这时线程在析构函数中被加入2到原始线程中。
+// 即使do_something_in_current_thread抛出一个异常，这个销毁依旧会发生。
+
+
+int main() {
+
+    background_task f;
+//    thread t(f);       // ok
+//    t.join();
+    //声明一个名为my_threadx的函数,这个函数带有一个参数(函数指针指向没有参数并返回background_task对象的函数)，返回一个std::thread对象的函数
+//    thread my_thread1(background_task());
+
+    // 针对Most Vexing Parse问题解决如下：
+//    thread my_thread1((background_task())); // 多组括号
+//    my_thread1.join();
+//    thread my_thread2{background_task()};   // 新的初始化语法
+//    my_thread2.join();
+
+//    thread myThread([](){
+//        cout<<"ok"<<endl;
+//    });
+//    myThread.join();
+    // 后台运行线程
+    std::thread t(f);
+    t.detach();
+    assert(!t.joinable());
+
+    return 0;
+}

concurrency/concurrency_v1/chapter2/2.2_transfer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//
+// Created by light on 19-11-5.
+//
+#include <iostream>
+#include <thread>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class X {
+public:
+    void do_length_work() {};
+};
+
+void process_big_object(std::unique_ptr<X>);
+
+int main() {
+    X my_x;
+    thread t(&X::do_length_work, &my_x); // 1
+
+
+    std::unique_ptr<X> p(new X);
+    p->do_length_work();
+    std::thread tt(process_big_object,std::move(p));
+    //std::thread实例的可移动且不可复制性。不可复制保性证了在同一时间点，
+    // 一个std::thread实例只能关联一个执行线程；可移动性使得程序员可以自己决定，哪个实例拥有实际执行线程的所有权。
+    return 0;
+}

concurrency/concurrency_v1/chapter2/2.3_ownership.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//
+// Created by light on 19-11-5.
+//
+#include <iostream>
+#include <thread>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+void some_function() {}
+
+void some_other_function() {}
+
+// std::thread不支持拷贝语义。
+// std::thread支持移动语义。
+
+
+
+// scoped_thread实例
+void do_something(int i) {
+    cout << i << endl;
+}
+
+struct func {
+    int &i;
+
+    func(int &i_) : i(i_) {}
+
+    void operator()() {
+        for (unsigned j = 0; j < 1000000; ++j) {
+            do_something(i);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+class scoped_thread {
+    std::thread t;
+public:
+    explicit scoped_thread(std::thread t_) :                 // 1
+            t(std::move(t_)) {
+        if (!t.joinable())                                     // 2
+            throw std::logic_error("No thread");
+    }
+
+    ~scoped_thread() {
+        t.join();                                            // 3
+    }
+
+    scoped_thread(scoped_thread const &) = delete;
+
+    scoped_thread &operator=(scoped_thread const &) = delete;
+};
+
+void do_work(unsigned id) {}
+
+void f() {
+    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
+        threads.push_back(std::thread(do_work, i)); // 产生线程
+    }
+    std::for_each(threads.begin(), threads.end(),
+                  std::mem_fn(&std::thread::join)); // 对每个线程调用join()
+}
+
+int main() {
+//    std::thread t1(some_function); // 构造一个thread对象t1
+//    std::thread t2 = std::move(t1); // 把t1 move给另外一个thread对象t2，t1不再管理之前的线程了。
+//    // 这句不需要std::move()，从临时变量进行移动是自动和隐式的。调用的是operator=(std::thread&&)
+//    t1 = std::thread(some_other_function);
+//    std::thread t3;
+//    t3 = std::move(t2); // 把t2 move给t3
+//    // 把t3 move给t1，非法。因为`t1`已经有了一个相关的线程，会调用`std::terminate()`来终止程序。
+//    t1 = std::move(t3);
+    f();
+    return 0;
+}

concurrency/concurrency_v1/chapter2/2.4_runtime.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//
+// Created by light on 19-11-5.
+//
+#include <iostream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+#include <numeric>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+//使得每个线程具有最小数目的元素以避免过多的线程开销
+template<typename Iterator, typename T>
+struct accumulate_block {
+    void operator()(Iterator first, Iterator last, T &result) {
+        result = std::accumulate(first, last, result);
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename Iterator, typename T>
+T parallel_accumlate(Iterator first, Iterator last, T init) {
+    unsigned long const length = std::distance(first, last);
+
+    if (!length)
+        return init;
+
+    unsigned long const min_per_thread = 25;
+    unsigned long const max_threads = (length + min_per_thread - 1) / min_per_thread;
+    cout<<max_threads<<endl;
+    unsigned long const hardware_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+    cout<<hardware_threads<<endl;
+    unsigned long const num_threads = std::min(hardware_threads != 0 ? hardware_threads : 2, max_threads);
+    cout<<num_threads<<endl;
+    unsigned long const block_size = length / num_threads;
+    cout<<block_size<<endl;
+
+    std::vector<T> results(num_threads);
+    std::vector<std::thread> threads(num_threads - 1);
+
+    Iterator block_start = first;
+    for (unsigned long i = 0; i < (num_threads - 1); ++i) {
+        Iterator block_end = block_start;
+        std::advance(block_end, block_size);
+        threads[i] = std::thread(accumulate_block<Iterator, T>(), block_start, block_end, std::ref(results[i]));
+        block_start = block_end;
+    }
+    accumulate_block<Iterator, T>()(block_start, last, results[num_threads - 1]);
+    std::for_each(threads.begin(), threads.end(), std::mem_fn(&std::thread::join));
+
+    return std::accumulate(results.begin(), results.end(), init);
+}
+
+
+int main() {
+
+    vector<int> v{3,4,5,6};
+    int res=0;
+    cout<<parallel_accumlate(v.begin(),v.end(),res);
+    return 0;
+}

concurrency/concurrency_v1/chapter2/2_5_id.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//
+// Created by light on 19-11-5.
+//
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <thread>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+
+// 线程的通用标识符
+std::thread::id master_thread;
+
+void do_master_thread_work() {
+    cout << "master" << endl;
+}
+
+void do_common_work() {
+    cout << "common" << endl;
+}
+
+void some_core_part_of_algorithm() {
+    if (std::this_thread::get_id() == master_thread) {
+        do_master_thread_work();
+    }
+    do_common_work();
+}
+
+int main() {
+    std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id() << endl;
+    thread t(some_core_part_of_algorithm);
+    t.join();
+    return 0;
+}