From bf8b7ef7ffc5f750fc37c40ed1de020603976df6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: light-city <455954986@qq.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jul 2019 15:13:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] update dir

---
 README.md                 |   1 +
 assert/README.md          |   8 ++
 bit/README.md             |   6 +-
 extern/README.md          | 193 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 extern/extern_c++/add.c   |   5 +
 extern/extern_c++/add.cpp |   9 ++
 extern/extern_c++/add.h   |   4 +
 extern/extern_c++/add.o   | Bin 0 -> 1248 bytes
 extern/extern_c++/main    | Bin 0 -> 8960 bytes
 extern/extern_c/add.c     |   5 +
 extern/extern_c/add.cpp   |   5 +
 extern/extern_c/add.h     |   6 ++
 extern/extern_c/add.o     | Bin 0 -> 1248 bytes
 extern/extern_c/main      | Bin 0 -> 8608 bytes
 volatile/README.md        |   7 ++
 15 files changed, 246 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 extern/README.md
 create mode 100644 extern/extern_c++/add.c
 create mode 100644 extern/extern_c++/add.cpp
 create mode 100644 extern/extern_c++/add.h
 create mode 100644 extern/extern_c++/add.o
 create mode 100755 extern/extern_c++/main
 create mode 100644 extern/extern_c/add.c
 create mode 100644 extern/extern_c/add.cpp
 create mode 100644 extern/extern_c/add.h
 create mode 100644 extern/extern_c/add.o
 create mode 100755 extern/extern_c/main

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b6a0de5..958cc51 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 - [x] [volatile那些事](./volatile)
 - [x] [assert那些事](./assert)
 - [x] [位域那些事](./bit)
+- [x] [extern那些事](./extern)
 ## 关于作者：
 
 个人公众号：
diff --git a/assert/README.md b/assert/README.md
index b935168..534fc49 100644
--- a/assert/README.md
+++ b/assert/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 # assert那些事
 
+## 关于作者：
+
+个人公众号：
+
+![](../img/wechat.jpg)
+
+
+
 ## 1.第一个断言案例
 
 断言，**是宏，而非函数**。assert 宏的原型定义在 <assert.h>（C）、<cassert>（C++）中，其作用是如果它的条件返回错误，则终止程序执行。可以通过定义 NDEBUG 来关闭 assert，但是需要在源代码的开头，include <assert.h> 之前。
diff --git a/bit/README.md b/bit/README.md
index b9514fa..69fd9ff 100644
--- a/bit/README.md
+++ b/bit/README.md
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+## 关于作者：
 
+个人公众号：
 
-[TOC]
-
-
+![](../img/wechat.jpg)
 
 ## Bit field 是什么？
 
diff --git a/extern/README.md b/extern/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40d973c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extern/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# extern "C"
+
+## 关于作者：
+
+个人公众号：
+
+![](../img/wechat.jpg)
+
+## 1.C++与C编译区别
+
+在C++中常在头文件见到extern "C"修饰函数，那有什么作用呢？ 是用于C++链接在C语言模块中定义的函数。
+
+C++虽然兼容C，但C++文件中函数编译后生成的符号与C语言生成的不同。因为C++支持函数重载，C++函数编译后生成的符时带有函数参数类型的信息，而C则没有。
+
+例如`int add(int a, int b)`函数经过C++编译器生成.o文件后，`add`会变成形如`add_int_int`之类的, 而C的话则会是形如`_add`, 就是说：相同的函数，在C和C++中，编译后生成的符号不同。
+
+这就导致一个问题：如果C++中使用C语言实现的函数，在编译链接的时候，会出错，提示找不到对应的符号。此时`extern "C"`就起作用了：告诉链接器去寻找`_add`这类的C语言符号，而不是经过C++修饰的符号。
+
+## 2.C++调用C函数
+
+C++调用C函数的例子: 引用C的头文件时，需要加`extern "C"`
+
+```c++
+//add.h
+#ifndef ADD_H
+#define ADD_H
+int add(int x,int y);
+#endif
+
+//add.c
+#include "add.h"
+
+int add(int x,int y) {
+    return x+y;
+}
+
+//add.cpp
+#include <iostream>
+#include "add.h"
+using namespace std;
+int main() {
+    add(2,3);
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+编译：
+
+```
+//Generate add.o file
+gcc -c add.c
+```
+
+链接：
+
+```
+g++ add.cpp add.o -o main
+```
+
+没有添加extern "C" 报错：
+
+```c++
+> g++ add.cpp add.o -o main                                   
+add.o：在函数‘main’中：
+add.cpp:(.text+0x0): `main'被多次定义
+/tmp/ccH65yQF.o:add.cpp:(.text+0x0)：第一次在此定义
+/tmp/ccH65yQF.o：在函数‘main’中：
+add.cpp:(.text+0xf)：对‘add(int, int)’未定义的引用
+add.o：在函数‘main’中：
+add.cpp:(.text+0xf)：对‘add(int, int)’未定义的引用
+collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
+```
+
+添加extern "C"后：
+
+`add.cpp`
+
+```c++
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+extern "C" {
+    #include "add.h"
+}
+int main() {
+    add(2,3);
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+编译的时候一定要注意，先通过gcc生成中间文件add.o。
+
+```
+gcc -c add.c 
+```
+
+然后编译：
+
+```
+g++ add.cpp add.o -o main
+```
+
+上述案例源代码见：
+
+- [add.h](extern_c++/add.h)
+
+- [add.c](extern_c++/add.c)
+
+- [add.cpp](extern_c++/add.cpp)
+
+## 2.C中调用C++函数
+
+`extern "C"`在C中是语法错误，需要放在C++头文件中。
+
+```c
+// add.h
+#ifndef ADD_H
+#define ADD_H
+extern "C" {
+    int add(int x,int y);
+}
+#endif
+
+// add.cpp
+#include "add.h"
+
+int add(int x,int y) {
+    return x+y;
+}
+
+// add.c
+extern int add(int x,int y);
+int main() {
+    add(2,3);
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+编译：
+
+```c
+g++ -c add.cpp
+```
+
+链接：
+
+```
+gcc add.c add.o -o main
+```
+
+上述案例源代码见：
+
+- [add.h](extern_c/add.h)
+
+- [add.c](extern_c/add.c)
+
+- [add.cpp](extern_c/add.cpp)
+
+综上，总结出使用方法，在C语言的头文件中，对其外部函数只能指定为extern类型，C语言中不支持extern "C"声明，在.c文件中包含了extern "C"时会出现编译语法错误。所以使用extern "C"全部都放在于cpp程序相关文件或其头文件中。
+
+总结出如下形式：
+
+（1）C++调用C函数：
+
+```c++
+//xx.h
+extern int add(...)
+
+//xx.c
+int add(){
+    
+}
+
+//xx.cpp
+extern "C" {
+    #include "xx.h"
+}
+```
+
+（2）C调用C++函数
+
+```c
+//xx.h
+extern "C"{
+    int add();
+}
+//xx.cpp
+int add(){
+    
+}
+//xx.c
+extern int add();
+```
+
diff --git a/extern/extern_c++/add.c b/extern/extern_c++/add.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b347468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extern/extern_c++/add.c
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#include "add.h"
+
+int add(int x,int y) {
+    return x+y;
+}
diff --git a/extern/extern_c++/add.cpp b/extern/extern_c++/add.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ed76fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extern/extern_c++/add.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+extern "C" {
+    #include "add.h"
+}
+int main() {
+    add(2,3);
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/extern/extern_c++/add.h b/extern/extern_c++/add.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6984cdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extern/extern_c++/add.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#ifndef ADD_H
+#define ADD_H
+extern int add(int x,int y);
+#endif
diff --git a/extern/extern_c++/add.o b/extern/extern_c++/add.o
new file mode 100644
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GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/extern/extern_c/add.c b/extern/extern_c/add.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f8a3d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extern/extern_c/add.c
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+extern int add(int x,int y);
+int main() {
+    add(2,3);
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/extern/extern_c/add.cpp b/extern/extern_c/add.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b347468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extern/extern_c/add.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#include "add.h"
+
+int add(int x,int y) {
+    return x+y;
+}
diff --git a/extern/extern_c/add.h b/extern/extern_c/add.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..719b7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extern/extern_c/add.h
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#ifndef ADD_H
+#define ADD_H
+extern "C" {
+    int add(int x,int y);
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/extern/extern_c/add.o b/extern/extern_c/add.o
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/extern/extern_c/main b/extern/extern_c/main
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diff --git a/volatile/README.md b/volatile/README.md
index f4dbcde..1090d42 100644
--- a/volatile/README.md
+++ b/volatile/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
+## 关于作者：
+
+个人公众号：
+
+![](../img/wechat.jpg)
+
 ## 1.volatile
+
 被 `volatile` 修饰的变量，在对其进行读写操作时，会引发一些**可观测的副作用**。而这些可观测的副作用，是由**程序之外的因素决定的**。
 
 ## 2.volatile应用